A new routing metric for DYMO protocol on mobile AD HOC network

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are consists of mobile devices connected wirelessly. MANETs communicate without any fixed infrastructure or any centralized domain. All the nodes are free to move randomly within the network and share information dynamically. Routing protocol in MANET show how the mobile nodes messages are forwarded in a multi-hop fashion. The wireless connectivity and node mobility in MANET networks contributes in rapid topological changes, which brings the need for a channel aware routing protocol. Hence, the need for efficient routing protocols to allow the nodes to communicate. In such a communication scheme a routing protocol play an important role in the network performances. Achieving high user data rates over multi-hop wireless paths is considered the ultimate goal for MANET. To overcome this problem, several important modifications to the routing protocol algorithms are then considered to operate better in networks. This research work proposed a SNR-based routing metric for Dynamic Mobile Ad hoc Network onDemand (DYMO) routing protocol. This paper starts by investigate and compare the performance among reactive routing protocols in MANET. Secondly, the DYMO protocol choose routes based on SNR metric are modeled as proposed the new routing metric. Simulations scenarios are used for the work of the research by develop the new routing metrics in DYMO protocol module in OMNET++. The results show that SNR-DYMO improves the performance of the MANET in terms of throughput and packet delivery ratio throughout all simulation scenarios

Minimal Modeling of Glucose-Insulin Interactions in the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

Abstract The minimal model of glucose and insulin plasma levels is commonly used to analyze the results of glucose tolerance tests in humans. In this paper, a mathematical model for describing the glucose infusion rate was introduced. The minimal model was used to study a few sets of published data including healthy humans and type 2 diabetes. The glucose-insulin system as a dynamic integrated physiological system and generated the real optimized model parameters from the experimental data using the modified minimal model. The averaged R 2 value between measured and calculated plasma concentrations wais 0.977, which indicates excellent agreement

Mechanical Properties and Toxicity Characteristic of Petroleum Sludge Incorporated with Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Quarry Dust in Solidification/Stabilization Matrices

This paper discussed the treatment of Malaysian petroleum sludge by incorporating palm oil fuel ash (POFA) to replace Portland cement and quarry dust (QD) replaces sand in the solidification /stabilization (S/S) method. Preliminary studies, including chemical composition, heavy metal characterization, density test, compressive strength test, and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), were done to evaluate POFA and QD suitability in S/S matrices. The 10% replacement of POFA recorded a considerable density value ranging from 1500 kg/m3 to 1660 kg/m3. As for S/S matrices containing petroleum sludge, the results indicate the possibility to of encapsulating the sludge in the matrices up to 10%. The highest strength of S/S matrices with petroleum is from PS5% samples with 15.61 MPa at 28 days. The toxicity characteristic of heavy metals from the S/S matrices was below the permissible limit set by USEPA. This investigation could be an alternative solution for petroleum sludge, POFA, and QD disposal and has excellent potential for replacing other treatment approaches employed at the advanced treatment stage for petroleum refinery effluents

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially